Notable Point · 28:43-30:04

Recognition rules and submarine friendly fire

Crowded seas and coalition deployments forced commanders to balance aggressive anti-submarine action against the danger of attacking friendly boats.

Notes

The Mediterranean crowded submarines together with aircraft, escorts, minefields, and imperfect recognition procedures. Large wartime mobilizations made attacks on friendly boats a danger for both sides. In the Indian Ocean, German and Japanese submarine deployments forced Axis commanders to coordinate closely or risk hitting each other; refusing to attack unidentified boats, however, gave Allied submarines more freedom. Anti-submarine effectiveness depended on identification policy and coalition command arrangements alongside sensors and weapons.