Submarine availability and constant force readiness

Dynamic defense required a larger Japanese submarine force and more boats ready for use. Older submarines were reconditioned, new construction increased, and availability became a central measure of usable strength. The policy also raised training demands across the armed forces. Equipment can be repaired or replaced, while personnel must sustain the psychological and physical readiness needed for a crisis. Kawano's own exercises and overseas operations provided the kind of peacetime experience this approach valued.