Was Russia holding back its military capabilities in Ukraine, or did logistical problems limit what it could do?
Short answerThe assessment is that logistical failures were themselves a capability limit, rather than evidence that Russia was deliberately withholding most of its strength.
NotesA July 2023 question asks whether Russia's performance in Ukraine reflected capabilities it had chosen not to use fully. Difficulty sustaining operations against a neighbouring country is treated as a limitation of those capabilities themselves. Possessing weapons does not establish how effectively an army can supply and employ them. The assessment rejects deliberate restraint as the main explanation for Russian difficulties. Nuclear weapons are discussed separately because their use and radioactive fallout would risk a much wider confrontation.