Both admirers and detractors of the Japanese Navy could imagine it opening a war with a surprise blow. Officers who respected Japan knew its capabilities, while dismissive officers could frame surprise as an imitation of Copenhagen or the weaker side's only chance. That expectation helps explain reluctance over Force Z and frustration that the Royal Navy had sought funding for Singapore's defences since 1919. The Causeway was completed before the requested defensive system, an order that left the base exposed by 1941.
Notable Point · 8:22-11:34
Why Singapore made a surprise air attack imaginable
Royal Navy experience with Copenhagen and Port Arthur made a Japanese surprise attack conceivable, sharpening concern over Singapore's underfunded defenses.