Inside Rhuddlan's layered fields of fire

The modern photograph of Rhuddlan's inner ward shows how height gives defenders several angles of fire. Archers can shoot at an attacker's level and from above at the same time. Holding a shield overhead therefore leaves other approaches to weak points in the armour exposed. The brief comparison with a Roman legionary testudo illustrates the problem of obtaining more complete shield cover. The colossal gate adds to the difficulty of entering the castle. These views help explain the strength of a fortress that repeatedly held while its surrounding settlement remained vulnerable.