Q&A · 1:20:56-1:22:38

Why could the Mongols advance on Moscow when other invaders struggled?

A comparison with the Mongols shifts attention from the direction of approach to logistics, force size and the different mobility of cavalry and infantry armies.

Question

Does the Mongols' approach from the east explain why they could advance on Moscow when armies approaching from other directions failed?

Short answer

Adequate logistics, a much larger force and cavalry mobility are the central differences, while Charles XII's infantry army lacked the reinforcement system needed for a prolonged campaign.

Notes

The Mongols' approach from the east invites comparison with failed advances from other directions. Logistics provided the essential condition for sustaining the Mongol campaign. Charles XII needed allies and a flow of reinforcements because repeated victories over larger Russian armies still consumed Swedish resources. Once he was wounded, his deputies could not reproduce those victories. The comparison also distinguishes the speed of a large cavalry army from the limitations of Sweden's infantry force.