Professional study and the repeated Hawaii warning

The two American exercises demonstrated what sort of force could attack Pearl Harbor and when surprise was attainable. Both are characterized as raiding operations using capable forces without necessarily committing the whole American carrier arm. The criticism is that the Navy had usable examples and failed to act on them. Identifying such weaknesses is presented as a product of sustained professional study. Enough officers examining a formation or operational problem can find gaps without requiring a uniquely gifted commander or extensive intelligence about the enemy.