The English officers understood the limits of Dutch naval power, yet chose not to shape the land campaign after William's army came ashore. Harding's interpretation emphasizes caution, career interests, divided allegiance, and political confusion rather than a simple operational inability to fight. A large and professional navy was therefore immobilized by a small number of decisions. The apparent ease of the invasion also made defense against seaborne attack a stronger influence on later English naval development.
Notable Point · 9:08-12:31
Why political will can disable sea power
The 1688 campaign shows that ships and professional skill do not create sea power without political cohesion and a willingness to employ the fleet.