Why Pakistan lost the naval war of 1971

Why did Pakistan lose so badly at sea in 1971, and what preparation might have reduced the defeat?

Pakistan needed much greater investment in training, doctrine, and missile countermeasures; India had practiced how to employ its new weapons as a complete operational system.

India had trained to use missile boats and worked out how the new formations would operate alongside its aviation and carrier forces. Its preparation included understanding the gaps in Pakistani countermeasures. Pakistan's navy had less investment in training and faced the additional difficulty of supporting geographically separated East and West Pakistan. The distinction between adopting and embracing missiles concerns the work surrounding the purchase: doctrine, practice, and the budget to sustain them. Better preparation would have required investment in that whole system before the war.