Cruiser missions in modern frigates and destroyers

What is the most effective modern cruiser design?

Choose the mission first. Many large frigates and destroyers already perform independent cruiser duties, while the traditional large gun-cruiser line has ended.

A modern cruiser design depends on its intended job, whether air defence, anti-submarine warfare, or general-purpose service. Many ships called frigates and destroyers have cruiser-like size and conduct independent presence missions. Dr. Clarke recalls conversations with British parliamentarians that support his view that the cruiser label's imperial associations discourage its use. These continuing missions are distinct from the ended development of large gun cruisers such as Belfast, Des Moines, and Alaska. The Australian Daring-class ships provide a practical example of independent service: torpedo tubes were removed to create more accommodation. Endurance and the ability to maintain a ship away from a depot were central differences between a cruiser and smaller fleet warships.