Operating effectively, commanding the sea, and controlling it describe different degrees of naval freedom. Italian claims to Mare Nostrum were undermined by submarines, surface forces, aircraft, and special operations, while Allied bases around Malta, Gibraltar, and Egypt were also vulnerable. Both sides could act, but neither could maneuver without serious opposition throughout the campaign. Global commitments prevented the Royal Navy from concentrating enough force to turn the Mediterranean into an uncontested British sea.
Chapter · 1:08:55-1:12:03
Why Mare Nostrum belonged to no one
Simple maps of Mediterranean control mislead because neither Axis nor Allies could operate there without persistent opposition.