The period covers three wars and the political intervals between them. The Great Northern War ended in a coalition victory, leadership was poor on both sides in 1741-43, and Sweden's 1788-90 campaign can be judged a victory on points. Changes in rulers and commanders repeatedly shaped these outcomes. Charles XII's combat record and grasp of logistics also deserve more attention in this assessment, especially when compared with Napoleon's stronger publicity.
Chapter · 8:05-13:09
Leadership across three Russo-Swedish wars
Leadership quality repeatedly shaped Swedish and Russian results across the Great Northern War and the wars of 1741-43 and 1788-90.