Simón Bolívar welcomed the declaration and pursued a Pan-American congress at Panama. His response treated the policy as an opening for cooperation among the independent states of the hemisphere. Other Latin American observers, including critics in Chile, believed northern Americans reserved the name and status of Americans to themselves. The contrast established the doctrine's central regional problem: Washington could describe solidarity while its neighbors suspected hierarchy.
Chapter · 38:53-39:40
Latin American reception and selective enforcement
Bolívar welcomed the declaration as a basis for Pan-American cooperation, while other Latin American observers suspected a hierarchy led from Washington.