Why could Egypt and Persia not reverse Portugal's gains?

Why were Egypt and Persia unable to stop the Portuguese trade network?

Ottoman conquest and continuing land wars consumed their resources, while Portugal could gain leverage with a comparatively small fleet and locally protected factories.

Egypt tried to fight the Portuguese network but was conquered by the Ottoman Empire after its maritime position weakened. Persia remained preoccupied with recurring land conflict against the Ottomans. Continental powers could not expand fleets without diverting resources from armies needed for survival on land. Portugal, by contrast, used a few thousand men and ships while allied rulers defended many factories, allowing a small maritime commitment to exert disproportionate influence.