Jutland shaped American and Japanese planning more than British planning

The U.S. Naval Academy and Japanese naval institutions repeatedly refought Jutland, whereas the Royal Navy did not make the battle the same organizing problem. With Germany defeated, Britain expected either a Mediterranean conflict against a smaller fleet or a mobile global war, probably against Japan, rather than another North Sea confrontation. Its carrier strength and large fleet exercises also led it to test problems that were not captured by a simple battle-line replay. American and Japanese planners, by contrast, expected to fight one another and needed to understand how unequal fleets might meet in the Pacific. The contrast shows how different enemies, geographies, and political purposes shaped what each navy chose to remember from the same battle.