Did the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy deliberately make bolts and other components incompatible?
Short answerIt is uncertain whether the differences were deliberate. Separate standards may explain them, and the services still used at least some similar equipment, including the same or a related engine.
NotesThe most dramatic version of the claim deserves caution. It remains uncertain whether incompatible bolt sizes were intentional or simply resulted from separate service practices. Army and navy equipment also used related machinery, including similar engines, which complicates a story of blanket incompatibility. The available example does not support a claim that every component differed by deliberate design.