Why were the successful Italian frogman attacks different from ordinary sabotage?
Short answerThey were planned Regia Marina special operations, while covert sabotage and German frogman attempts are described as unsuccessful.
NotesCovert sabotage against the Royal Navy appears to have achieved little because crews were alert and suspicious. The Regia Marina's successful frogman attacks belonged to a different category: trained naval personnel entered enemy harbours on planned operational missions. Their success at Alexandria showed what a prepared specialist unit could do. German frogman attempts are also mentioned, but they achieved little.