Why human torpedoes were simpler than X-craft

This comparison explains why Italian-style human torpedoes could be both capable and relatively straightforward. They adapted a familiar torpedo body by adding crew positions, so their builders began with a technology they already understood. An X-craft, by contrast, had to function as a true miniature submarine and therefore brought more systems and failure modes into the attack. The distinction helps readers compare two forms of Second World War special attack craft without treating them as interchangeable.