Could HMS Warrior's 68-pounder muzzle-loaders penetrate her own armor?
Short answerYes at close range with repeated hits, though probably not with the first round.
NotesAt sufficiently close range, Warrior's 68-pounder muzzle-loaders could eventually defeat armor like her own. The first shot would probably not penetrate cleanly. Repeated second or third impacts on the same area could damage and weaken the protection until a round passed through. The answer distinguishes nominal resistance to one hit from the cumulative behavior of early iron armor under concentrated fire.