How training changed the balance between three navies

Roosevelt compares British, French, and American fighting performance through the quality of their professional preparation. American crews in the Revolutionary War lacked the training of a regular navy, while French ships had experienced officers and crews. The French Revolution disrupted naval discipline and removed the old officer corps; enthusiasm could not replace years of practice at sea. Repeated British victories encouraged confidence while gunnery received less attention. American captains, conscious of Britain's strength, used sea service, fighting against Algerian opponents, and deliberate drill to prepare their crews.