Could a different commander have made the Franco-Spanish fleet more effective?
Short answerGravina could probably have made it much tougher by imposing common training and stronger authority, although victory would still not have been certain.
NotesIn this counterfactual, Gravina takes command at Martinique with authority over both French and Spanish officers. The return Atlantic crossing then becomes time for repeated manoeuvre and coordination drills rather than merely transit. Better cohesion might have produced a stronger result at Cape Finisterre and changed whether the fleet ever entered Cadiz. Victory remains uncertain because a better allied performance would also have prompted Britain to concentrate a larger force under Cornwallis, Nelson, or Jervis.