At Gravelines, English gunnery exploits Spanish doctrine

After Seymour and William Winter reinforced the fleet with ships, powder, and shot, the English attacked Spanish groups scattered by the fireships. They learned to draw the Spanish discharge before closing to roughly one hundred yards, close enough for effective bombardment but outside easy grappling range. This defeated a doctrine built around firing once and then boarding. Effingham could adapt through unruly but experienced commanders, while Medina Sidonia led a more orderly force without the fluency to rewrite its inherited tactical system during battle.