The Treaty of Fredrikshamn transferred Finland from Sweden to Russia and established it as a Grand Duchy. The new political unit encompassed most of modern Finland and received additional territory from Russia. The arrangement initially offered important institutional space, although later Russification exposed the limits of autonomy under imperial rule. Sweden responded to defeat with substantial reforms rather than simply restoring its prewar system. Russian mediation also brought Sweden and France to peace and forced Sweden into Napoleon's Continental System. The settlement changed Finnish state development, Swedish domestic politics, and the wider economic alignment of the Napoleonic Wars at the same time.
Chapter · 49:37-50:41
The peace created a Grand Duchy and forced Sweden into Napoleon's system
Finland entered the Russian Empire as an enlarged Grand Duchy, while Sweden's defeat produced reforms and entry into the Continental System.