Germain's 1775 appointment put him at the center of military administration for America. The Saratoga plan required Burgoyne and Howe to converge, but unclear orders left Howe pursuing a different operation. Failed ministerial direction turned a plan for coordinated pressure into isolated campaigns. Germain continued emphasizing the American war even after France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic expanded the conflict far beyond the colonies. He also supported an unsuccessful separate-peace mission to Spain before leaving office in 1782.
Chapter · 33:26-36:54
A minister directing the American war
As Secretary of State for the American Department, Germain could direct generals, supplies, and strategy, yet his unclear orders broke down the intended coordination of the Saratoga campaign.