French admiral grades created international protocol problems

A French officer could exercise authority above vice-admiral without permanently holding a higher substantive grade. Senior titles such as squadron vice-admiral depended on the appointment, and permission to retain a higher title on retirement was not automatic. Interwar American practice also distinguished substantive rank from the office held. At international ceremonies, precedence could follow substantive grade rather than command responsibility. A French fleet commander could consequently stand among vice-admirals while foreign heads of navies stood with senior admirals, creating professional resentment. At the lower end of the flag hierarchy, contre-amiral sits immediately above captain and can cover duties associated with both rear admiral and commodore in the British comparison.