Five overlapping ways to use torpedoes

Torpedo doctrine develops through several approaches that overlap instead of replacing one another. Long-range sniping tries to pick out a target at the weapon's maximum reach, while mass attacks turn volume of fire into probability. Firepower is then added to defeat enemy torpedo craft or create a visible aiming point, and darkness offers concealment for the launch. Manoeuvre adds coordinated attacks from different bearings, increasing the target's problems while demanding more from command and communications. Each approach adds tactical options and new constraints, and none offers a universal answer to naval combat.