Can firing a ship's ammunition affect stability?

Has any ship become less stable after firing a significant share of its ammunition?

Yes, it can matter for ships near their stability limits, though designers normally account for changing weights in their calculations.

Ammunition expenditure can affect ships already close to their stability limits, with German destroyers given as an example. Such changing conditions normally belong in the design calculations. HMS Agincourt and Santísima Trinidad enter the wider comparison of heavily armed ships with narrow margins. The unnamed Swedish example broadens the issue to the weight of several decks of guns; it does not establish ammunition expenditure as the cause of that ship's loss.