How did Gorshkov's environmental awareness compare with Western contemporaries?
Short answerNeither side's leading thinkers showed much environmental awareness; their frameworks emphasized exploiting the sea, with broader concern emerging later.
NotesLater environmental expectations should not be projected backward. Gorshkov's framework is explicitly about exploiting the sea's economic and strategic possibilities. Western contemporaries worked within much the same outlook rather than offering a contrasting stewardship model. Broader environmental awareness entered high-level sea-power discussion mainly in the 1980s, after the ideas examined here were formed.