Should Beatty's signal officer Seymour carry the blame for the confused orders at Dogger Bank?
Short answerNo; Beatty chose and supervised him, could see the hoists, and retained final responsibility as the admiral in command.
NotesBeatty selected Seymour knowing his qualifications and experience. The signal hoists were made beside the admiral's own position, where he could observe and correct the work. The young signal officer cannot carry sole responsibility for the confusion. Seymour later committed suicide over the episode, while command responsibility remained with Beatty.