Doctrine only works when people learn it

The Norway campaign contained extraordinary German luck and Allied failure even though many amphibious lessons were already known. German success depended on numerous contingencies, from the Norwegian mobilization system to avoiding a badly timed encounter with the Royal Navy. Reports, doctrine, histories, and theoretical papers cannot improve performance unless officers, NCOs, and other personnel are encouraged to study and internalize them. The central institutional problem is creating lifelong habits that allow service personnel at every level to apply those lessons.