Diplomatic wording can describe a relationship differently from the way the parties behave. The Franco-Ottoman example distinguishes language presenting the French king as subordinate to the sultan from the practical operation of their relationship. Treaties involving China and Britain before the Opium Wars are suggested as another place to examine the gap. Such formulas require attention to political practice as well as a literal reading.
Notable Point · 4:03:26-4:04:00
Treaty language and actual political relationships
The Franco-Ottoman alliance and agreements involving China illustrate why diplomatic formulas require historical context.