Roger Keyes developed Combined Operations to organize amphibious warfare and bring the three services together. Frankton drew on RAF reconnaissance, intelligence and escape support, Royal Navy transport, Royal Marines raiders, and Army training facilities. Mountbatten inherited that organization and supported increasing the proposed canoe force from three to six. The final operation shows how little margin three would have offered: five canoes launched and only two reached the targets. He also resisted pressure to send twelve, because inserting more than six would require additional submarines or a larger boat that the Royal Navy was unwilling to risk. The size of the attacking force therefore depended on both expected losses and the limits of covert transport.
Chapter · 19:48-26:03
Combined Operations assembles the raid
Frankton combined support from all three services and intelligence organizations, while the debate over three, six or twelve canoes tested the limits of submarine transport.