Why a carrier's navigation bridge stays high and aft

Would it make sense to place a carrier's maneuvering bridge beneath the ski jump?

No; a high, side-looking position is better for navigation and docking, while tugs solve the limited cases where a bow view helps.

A high bridge gives the navigation team a long view at sea and a clear sightline down the ship's side. Those views help the command team judge the hull's position alongside a berth. A bridge beneath the ski jump would improve the narrow forward view during some docking maneuvers while sacrificing broader visibility. Tugs can supply local assistance in port, so the high, aft position remains more useful across the ship's full operating cycle.