Campaign reversal, treason trials, and the Batavian legacy

The population did not rally to the Orange cause as expected, with many civilians wanting effective government rather than either political faction. Better-led Batavian and French forces defeated the Allies at Bergen and Castricum, forcing an evacuation from North Holland at the end of October. The republic pursued officers and mutineers through courts, executions, cashiering, and banishment, while leading figures were tried in absentia. Later Orangist restoration rehabilitated several condemned officers, underlining how judgments of loyalty changed with the regime even though the navy's material losses remained. The campaign thus ended with Allied evacuation on land but a lasting Dutch defeat at sea and a still-unresolved argument over legitimate authority.