What should India invest in for littoral warfare and Indian Ocean chokepoints?
Short answerIndia needs a balanced force of submarines, mine capability, carrier groups, and supporting vessels suited to its long distances and multiple theatres.
NotesConventional submarines can wait quietly around a chokepoint, but India's long transit distances favour nuclear boats for faster passage and more time on station. Nuclear propulsion does not remove the wartime need to return for torpedoes, so maintaining pressure still requires rotating several boats. Mine capability can help cover a gap between patrols, although mine warfare needs actual laying and clearance vessels. Surface minelayers can deliver heavier mines and more complete coverage than aircraft in the comparison here. Carrier groups would cover both sides of the Indian Ocean, with a balanced supporting fleet keeping an opponent from exploiting a neglected area.