Why soldiers served as marines

Howe sailed with soldiers from two Army regiments because Royal Marine recruitment had fallen short. Sailors could work the rigging and fight below decks, but controlling an exposed deck required troops trained to form ranks, advance together, and hold ground. The same soldiers could support landings ashore, while their role in shipboard discipline was a secondary benefit. Their presence also created practical friction because Army and Marine officers worked under different pay scales. A fleet's combat manpower therefore included specialised land-fighting skills that ordinary seamanship did not automatically provide.