William White and professional naval construction

French engineer Émile Bertin was a leading proponent and visionary of the Jeune École. White was Britain's practical counterpoint: he reviewed the French school's construction programme and often advised politicians against copying it. He had served the Admiralty before leaving in 1883 to manage warship design at William Armstrong's company. His return in August 1885 as Director of Naval Construction and assistant controller placed him at the centre of British naval design. He helped reorganize dockyards and technical departments while shaping the institution responsible for naval construction. He was knighted in 1895 and later served as president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers from 1899 to 1900 and the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1903 to 1904. His private-yard experience, professional standing, and Admiralty authority help explain his influence over the Royal Sovereign-era building programme and the Blake class.