Q&A · 4:34:05-4:35:54

Why an Axis Mediterranean would not force an early cross-Channel invasion

Axis control of the Mediterranean would preserve the case for a preliminary campaign, whose location would depend on Gibraltar and Spanish involvement.

Question

If the Axis controlled the Mediterranean before Operation Torch, would the Allies invade across the Channel instead?

Short answer

No; they would still use North Africa to regain the Mediterranean and build the experience needed for a later cross-Channel operation.

Notes

Operation Torch would still offer a first step toward recovering the Mediterranean, while a cross-Channel invasion required more training and preparation. The reason for Axis control matters: major battlefield victories create a different situation from a British withdrawal to reinforce the Far East. Gibraltar's terrain makes an airborne assault implausible, and the German and Italian amphibious forces are judged inadequate to take it. Spanish entry into the Axis provides the proposed route to Gibraltar's fall. In that case, an Allied landing might move to Lisbon to reinforce Portugal and begin a campaign against Franco in Spain.