Why an arsenal-bomber concept is hard to scale

Could the arsenal-ship idea be transferred to large bombers carrying massed anti-ship missiles?

In theory, yes, but it would be far more complex and expensive because aircraft must be loaded, launched, and supported from many bases.

Bombers could theoretically overwhelm defences with massed anti-ship missiles. An arsenal ship can hold its weapons ready with a comparatively small crew until the strike is required. A bomber force must assemble aircraft, load weapons, generate sorties, and coordinate launches from one or more airbases to produce a comparable salvo. That supporting system adds cost, personnel, and timing demands even when the airborne missile count looks impressive. The trade-off concerns operational complexity and readiness as much as missile capacity.