Chapter · 51:33-55:34

Could Santa Cruz have changed the Armada campaign?

Santa Cruz might have broken from Philip II's plan, landed the Armada's embarked army, and aimed directly at England's political center.

Notes

Although Santa Cruz could not remove every weakness in the Armada, his amphibious experience and seniority made him more likely than Medina Sidonia to abandon an unworkable plan. He might have landed the army already aboard, perhaps around the Isle of Wight, and advanced toward London instead of waiting at sea for perfect coordination with Parma. That would translate Bazán's habit of striking an enemy flagship into a strategic attempt to displace Elizabeth I and her council from London or kill the queen. Medina Sidonia was a capable administrator expected to execute instructions, whereas Santa Cruz possessed the combat authority to redefine the operation. The counterfactual rests on his command style and does not assume that the landing or invasion would have succeeded.