Why alliance withdrawal also reduces American reach

George Washington's farewell address provides the starting point for separating commercial engagement from standing political and military alliances. A state can choose fewer commitments, but it also gives up some of the overseas access and political influence that come from bases and security partnerships. Long-range weapons cannot fully substitute for forward presence or for forces able to manage the consequences of their use. American arms makers would also face a credibility problem if foreign customers feared that political pressure could interrupt weapons or spare-parts deliveries.