Did reliance on slave labor prevent Rome from developing an industrial revolution?
Short answerSlave labour alone cannot explain it. Industrial change required linked advances in ideas and metallurgy, while the status of galley rowers remains debated.
NotesA quinquereme's roughly 300 rowers greatly outnumbered its approximately 120 soldiers, with about 30 sailors also aboard. Soldiers had to sleep, suffered losses and left their ship in boarding parties, making constant control of a coerced rowing crew difficult. Slave labour also offers no single explanation for the absence of a steam industrial revolution. Practical industrial change required many ideas to accumulate and metallurgy to advance. The movement from bronze towards a form of steel also represents ancient industrial development.